Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries
Identifieur interne : 000117 ( Istex/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000116; suivant : 000118Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries
Auteurs : P. Bruggmann [Suisse] ; T. Berg [Allemagne] ; A. L. H. Vrehus [Danemark] ; C. Moreno [Belgique] ; C. E. Brandão Mello [Brésil] ; F. Roudot-Thoraval [France] ; R. T. Marinho [Portugal] ; M. Sherman [Canada] ; S. D. Ryder [Royaume-Uni] ; J. Sperl [République tchèque] ; U. Akarca [Turquie] ; Bal K [Turquie] ; F. Bihl [Suisse] ; M. Bilodeau [Canada] ; A. J. Blasco [Espagne] ; M. Buti [Espagne] ; F. Calinas [Portugal] ; J. L. Calleja [Espagne] ; H. Cheinquer [Brésil] ; P. B. Christensen [Danemark] ; M. Clausen [Danemark] ; H. S. M. Coelho [Brésil] ; M. Cornberg [Allemagne] ; M. E. Cramp [Royaume-Uni] ; G. J. Dore [Australie] ; W. Doss [Égypte] ; A. S. Duberg [Suède] ; M. H. El-Sayed [Égypte] ; G. Ergör [Turquie] ; G. Esmat [Égypte] ; C. Estes [États-Unis] ; K. Falconer [Suède] ; J. Félix [Portugal] ; M. L. G. Ferraz [Brésil] ; P. R. Ferreira [Brésil] ; S. Frankova [République tchèque] ; J. García-Samaniego [Espagne] ; J. Gerstoft [Danemark] ; J. A. Giria [Portugal] ; F. L. Gonçales Jr [Brésil] ; E. Gower [États-Unis] ; M. Gschwantler [Autriche] ; M. Guimarães Pessôa [Brésil] ; C. Hézode [France] ; H. Hofer [Autriche] ; P. Husa [République tchèque] ; R. Idilman [Turquie] ; M. K Berg [Suède] ; K. D. E. Kaita [Canada] ; A. Kautz [Belgique] ; S. Kaymakoglu [Turquie] ; M. Krajden [Canada] ; H. Krarup [Danemark] ; W. Laleman [Belgique] ; D. Lavanchy [Suisse] ; P. Lázaro [Espagne] ; P. Marotta [Canada] ; S. Mauss [Allemagne] ; M. C. Mendes Correa [Brésil] ; B. Müllhaupt [Suisse] ; R. P. Myers [Canada] ; F. Negro [Suisse] ; V. Nemecek [République tchèque] ; N. Örmeci [Turquie] ; J. Parkes [Royaume-Uni] ; K. M. Peltekian [Canada] ; A. Ramji [Canada] ; H. Razavi [États-Unis] ; N. Reis [Portugal] ; S. K. Roberts [Australie] ; W. M. Rosenberg [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Sarmento-Castro [Portugal] ; C. Sarrazin [Allemagne] ; D. Semela [Suisse] ; G. E. Shiha [Égypte] ; W. Sievert [Australie] ; P. St Rkel [Belgique] ; R. E. Stauber [Autriche] ; A. J. Thompson [Australie] ; P. Urbanek [République tchèque] ; I. Van Thiel [Belgique, Allemagne] ; H. Van Vlierberghe [Belgique] ; D. Vandijck [Belgique] ; W. Vogel [Autriche] ; I. Waked [Égypte] ; H. Wedemeyer [Égypte] ; N. Weis [Danemark] ; J. Wiegand [Allemagne] ; A. Yosry [Égypte] ; A. Zekry [Australie] ; P. Van Damme [Belgique] ; S. Aleman [Suède] ; S. J. Hindman [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of Viral Hepatitis [ 1352-0504 ] ; 2014-05.
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading indicator for liver disease. New treatment options are becoming available, and there is a need to characterize the epidemiology and disease burden of HCV. Data for prevalence, viremia, genotype, diagnosis and treatment were obtained through literature searches and expert consensus for 16 countries. For some countries, data from centralized registries were used to estimate diagnosis and treatment rates. Data for the number of liver transplants and the proportion attributable to HCV were obtained from centralized databases. Viremic prevalence estimates varied widely between countries, ranging from 0.3% in Austria, England and Germany to 8.5% in Egypt. The largest viremic populations were in Egypt, with 6 358 000 cases in 2008 and Brazil with 2 106 000 cases in 2007. The age distribution of cases differed between countries. In most countries, prevalence rates were higher among males, reflecting higher rates of injection drug use. Diagnosis, treatment and transplant levels also differed considerably between countries. Reliable estimates characterizing HCV‐infected populations are critical for addressing HCV‐related morbidity and mortality. There is a need to quantify the burden of chronic HCV infection at the national level.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12247
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Brésil, Canada, Danemark, Espagne, France, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, République tchèque, Suisse, Suède, Turquie, Égypte, États-Unis
- Alberta, Angleterre, Basse-Saxe, Bohême centrale, Canton de Zurich, Catalogne, Communauté de Madrid, District de Darmstadt, District de Düsseldorf, District de Leipzig, Grand Londres, Hesse (Land), Hovedstaden, Manitoba, Moravie, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Province d'Anvers, Province de Flandre-Orientale, Québec, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Rio Grande do Sul, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Région flamande, Saxe (Land), Svealand, Victoria (État), Vienne (Autriche), État de Rio de Janeiro, État de São Paulo, Île-de-France
- Anvers, Barcelone, Brno, Bruxelles, Calgary, Campinas, Copenhague, Créteil, Düsseldorf, Francfort-sur-le-Main, Gand, Hanovre, Leipzig, Londres, Madrid, Melbourne, Montréal, Porto Alegre, Prague, Rio de Janeiro, Stockholm, Sydney, São Paulo, Vienne (Autriche), Winnipeg, Zurich
- University College de Londres, Université d'Anvers, Université d'État de Campinas, Université de Calgary, Université de Gand, Université de Melbourne, Université de São Paulo, Université du Manitoba, Université fédérale du Rio Grande do Sul
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Weis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiegand, J" sort="Wiegand, J" uniqKey="Wiegand J" first="J." last="Wiegand">J. Wiegand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yosry, A" sort="Yosry, A" uniqKey="Yosry A" first="A." last="Yosry">A. Yosry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zekry, A" sort="Zekry, A" uniqKey="Zekry A" first="A." last="Zekry">A. Zekry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Damme, P" sort="Van Damme, P" uniqKey="Van Damme P" first="P." last="Van Damme">P. Van Damme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aleman, S" sort="Aleman, S" uniqKey="Aleman S" first="S." last="Aleman">S. Aleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hindman, S J" sort="Hindman, S J" uniqKey="Hindman S" first="S. J." last="Hindman">S. J. Hindman</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:B88B506D3A2600B55A5B7980048474843F23CF8A</idno><date when="2014" year="2014">2014</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/jvh.12247</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/B88B506D3A2600B55A5B7980048474843F23CF8A/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">002256</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">002256</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">002256</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">000117</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000117</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (<hi rend="fc">HCV</hi>) in selected countries</title><author><name sortKey="Bruggmann, P" sort="Bruggmann, P" uniqKey="Bruggmann P" first="P." last="Bruggmann">P. Bruggmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Arud Centres for Addiction Medicine, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country wicri:rule="url">Suisse</country></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, T" sort="Berg, T" uniqKey="Berg T" first="T." last="Berg">T. Berg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Leipzig, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Vrehus, A L H" sort=" Vrehus, A L H" uniqKey=" Vrehus A" first="A. L. H." last=" Vrehus">A. L. H. Vrehus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Odense</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, C" sort="Moreno, C" uniqKey="Moreno C" first="C." last="Moreno">C. Moreno</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brandao Mello, C E" sort="Brandao Mello, C E" uniqKey="Brandao Mello C" first="C. E." last="Brandão Mello">C. E. Brandão Mello</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastroenterology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement><region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roudot Horaval, F" sort="Roudot Horaval, F" uniqKey="Roudot Horaval F" first="F." last="Roudot-Thoraval">F. Roudot-Thoraval</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Département Santé Publique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Créteil</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marinho, R T" sort="Marinho, R T" uniqKey="Marinho R" first="R. T." last="Marinho">R. T. Marinho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sherman, M" sort="Sherman, M" uniqKey="Sherman M" first="M." last="Sherman">M. Sherman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network/University of Toronto, ON, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Toronto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryder, S D" sort="Ryder, S D" uniqKey="Ryder S" first="S. D." last="Ryder">S. D. Ryder</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nottingham</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sperl, J" sort="Sperl, J" uniqKey="Sperl J" first="J." last="Sperl">J. Sperl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akarca, U" sort="Akarca, U" uniqKey="Akarca U" first="U." last="Akarca">U. Akarca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastroenterology, Ege University, Izmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Izmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bal K, " sort="Bal K, " uniqKey="Bal K " first="" last="Bal K"> Bal K</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases, Ankara University, Ankara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ankara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bihl, F" sort="Bihl, F" uniqKey="Bihl F" first="F." last="Bihl">F. Bihl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastroenterology Department, Ospedale Cantonale, Bellinzona</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bellinzona</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bilodeau, M" sort="Bilodeau, M" uniqKey="Bilodeau M" first="M." last="Bilodeau">M. Bilodeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Montréal</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blasco, A J" sort="Blasco, A J" uniqKey="Blasco A" first="A. J." last="Blasco">A. J. Blasco</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Advanced Techniques in Health Services Research (TAISS), Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buti, M" sort="Buti, M" uniqKey="Buti M" first="M." last="Buti">M. Buti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Vall d'Hebron, CIBERehd, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calinas, F" sort="Calinas, F" uniqKey="Calinas F" first="F." last="Calinas">F. Calinas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central – Hospital Santo António Capuchos, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calleja, J L" sort="Calleja, J L" uniqKey="Calleja J" first="J. L." last="Calleja">J. L. Calleja</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheinquer, H" sort="Cheinquer, H" uniqKey="Cheinquer H" first="H." last="Cheinquer">H. Cheinquer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Porto Alegre</settlement><region type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</region><settlement type="city">Porto Alegre</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université fédérale du Rio Grande do Sul</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Christensen, P B" sort="Christensen, P B" uniqKey="Christensen P" first="P. B." last="Christensen">P. B. Christensen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Odense</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clausen, M" sort="Clausen, M" uniqKey="Clausen M" first="M." last="Clausen">M. Clausen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Region Hospital Hovedstaden, Region Hovedstaden</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Region Hovedstaden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coelho, H S M" sort="Coelho, H S M" uniqKey="Coelho H" first="H. S. M." last="Coelho">H. S. M. Coelho</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rio de Janeiro</settlement><region type="state">État de Rio de Janeiro</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornberg, M" sort="Cornberg, M" uniqKey="Cornberg M" first="M." last="Cornberg">M. Cornberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Basse-Saxe</region><settlement type="city">Hanovre</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cramp, M E" sort="Cramp, M E" uniqKey="Cramp M" first="M. E." last="Cramp">M. E. Cramp</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Plymouth</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dore, G J" sort="Dore, G J" uniqKey="Dore G" first="G. J." last="Dore">G. J. Dore</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doss, W" sort="Doss, W" uniqKey="Doss W" first="W." last="Doss">W. Doss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Cairo University, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duberg, A S" sort="Duberg, A S" uniqKey="Duberg A" first="A. S." last="Duberg">A. S. Duberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Örebro</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Örebro</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Ayed, M H" sort="El Ayed, M H" uniqKey="El Ayed M" first="M. H." last="El-Sayed">M. H. El-Sayed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Ain Shams University, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ergor, G" sort="Ergor, G" uniqKey="Ergor G" first="G." last="Ergör">G. Ergör</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health and Epidemiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Izmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Esmat, G" sort="Esmat, G" uniqKey="Esmat G" first="G." last="Esmat">G. Esmat</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Cairo University, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estes, C" sort="Estes, C" uniqKey="Estes C" first="C." last="Estes">C. Estes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), CO, Louisville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falconer, K" sort="Falconer, K" uniqKey="Falconer K" first="K." last="Falconer">K. Falconer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Felix, J" sort="Felix, J" uniqKey="Felix J" first="J." last="Félix">J. Félix</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Exigo Consultores, Alhos Vedros</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Alhos Vedros</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferraz, M L G" sort="Ferraz, M L G" uniqKey="Ferraz M" first="M. L. G." last="Ferraz">M. L. G. Ferraz</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, P R" sort="Ferreira, P R" uniqKey="Ferreira P" first="P. R." last="Ferreira">P. R. Ferreira</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Disease, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frankova, S" sort="Frankova, S" uniqKey="Frankova S" first="S." last="Frankova">S. Frankova</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Amaniego, J" sort="Garcia Amaniego, J" uniqKey="Garcia Amaniego J" first="J." last="García-Samaniego">J. García-Samaniego</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Carlos III, CIBERehd, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gerstoft, J" sort="Gerstoft, J" uniqKey="Gerstoft J" first="J." last="Gerstoft">J. Gerstoft</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giria, J A" sort="Giria, J A" uniqKey="Giria J" first="J. A." last="Giria">J. A. Giria</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Direcção‐Geral da Saúde, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goncales Jr, F L" sort="Goncales Jr, F L" uniqKey="Goncales Jr F" first="F. L." last="Gonçales Jr">F. L. Gonçales Jr</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Grupo de Estudo das Hepatites, Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region><settlement type="city">Campinas</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'État de Campinas</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gower, E" sort="Gower, E" uniqKey="Gower E" first="E." last="Gower">E. Gower</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), CO, Louisville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gschwantler, M" sort="Gschwantler, M" uniqKey="Gschwantler M" first="M." last="Gschwantler">M. Gschwantler</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine IV, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guimaraes Pessoa, M" sort="Guimaraes Pessoa, M" uniqKey="Guimaraes Pessoa M" first="M." last="Guimarães Pessôa">M. Guimarães Pessôa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hezode, C" sort="Hezode, C" uniqKey="Hezode C" first="C." last="Hézode">C. Hézode</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service d’ Hépato‐Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Créteil</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hofer, H" sort="Hofer, H" uniqKey="Hofer H" first="H." last="Hofer">H. Hofer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Husa, P" sort="Husa, P" uniqKey="Husa P" first="P." last="Husa">P. Husa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University Brno, Brno</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Brno</settlement><region>Moravie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Idilman, R" sort="Idilman, R" uniqKey="Idilman R" first="R." last="Idilman">R. Idilman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ankara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K Berg, M" sort="K Berg, M" uniqKey="K Berg M" first="M." last="K Berg">M. K Berg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaita, K D E" sort="Kaita, K D E" uniqKey="Kaita K" first="K. D. E." last="Kaita">K. D. E. Kaita</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Hepatitis Investigative Unit, Health Sciences Centre, MB, Winnipeg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Winnipeg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kautz, A" sort="Kautz, A" uniqKey="Kautz A" first="A." last="Kautz">A. Kautz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>European Liver Patients Association, Sint‐Truiden</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sint‐Truiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaymakoglu, S" sort="Kaymakoglu, S" uniqKey="Kaymakoglu S" first="S." last="Kaymakoglu">S. Kaymakoglu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastroenterology, Istanbul University, Istanbul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Istanbul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krajden, M" sort="Krajden, M" uniqKey="Krajden M" first="M." last="Krajden">M. Krajden</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, University of British Columbia, BC, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krarup, H" sort="Krarup, H" uniqKey="Krarup H" first="H." last="Krarup">H. Krarup</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Cinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Aalborg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laleman, W" sort="Laleman, W" uniqKey="Laleman W" first="W." last="Laleman">W. Laleman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Leuven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavanchy, D" sort="Lavanchy, D" uniqKey="Lavanchy D" first="D." last="Lavanchy">D. Lavanchy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Independent Consultant, Denges</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Denges</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazaro, P" sort="Lazaro, P" uniqKey="Lazaro P" first="P." last="Lázaro">P. Lázaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Advanced Techniques in Health Services Research (TAISS), Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marotta, P" sort="Marotta, P" uniqKey="Marotta P" first="P." last="Marotta">P. Marotta</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Gastroenterology, University of Western Ontario, ON, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mauss, S" sort="Mauss, S" uniqKey="Mauss S" first="S." last="Mauss">S. Mauss</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Heinrich‐Heine University in Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Düsseldorf</region><settlement type="city">Düsseldorf</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendes Correa, M C" sort="Mendes Correa, M C" uniqKey="Mendes Correa M" first="M. C." last="Mendes Correa">M. C. Mendes Correa</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de São Paulo</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mullhaupt, B" sort="Mullhaupt, B" uniqKey="Mullhaupt B" first="B." last="Müllhaupt">B. Müllhaupt</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss HPB (Hepato‐Pancreato‐Biliary) Center and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myers, R P" sort="Myers, R P" uniqKey="Myers R" first="R. P." last="Myers">R. P. Myers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, AB, Calgary</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Negro, F" sort="Negro, F" uniqKey="Negro F" first="F." last="Negro">F. Negro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nemecek, V" sort="Nemecek, V" uniqKey="Nemecek V" first="V." last="Nemecek">V. Nemecek</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>National Reference Laboratory for Hepatitis, National Institute of Public Health, Prague</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ormeci, N" sort="Ormeci, N" uniqKey="Ormeci N" first="N." last="Örmeci">N. Örmeci</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastroenterology, Ankara University, Ankara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ankara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkes, J" sort="Parkes, J" uniqKey="Parkes J" first="J." last="Parkes">J. Parkes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Southhampton, Southhampton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Southhampton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peltekian, K M" sort="Peltekian, K M" uniqKey="Peltekian K" first="K. M." last="Peltekian">K. M. Peltekian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Hepatology Services, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Capital District Health Authority, NS, Halifax</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Halifax</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramji, A" sort="Ramji, A" uniqKey="Ramji A" first="A." last="Ramji">A. Ramji</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, BC, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Razavi, H" sort="Razavi, H" uniqKey="Razavi H" first="H." last="Razavi">H. Razavi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), CO, Louisville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reis, N" sort="Reis, N" uniqKey="Reis N" first="N." last="Reis">N. Reis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Assembleia da República, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, S K" sort="Roberts, S K" uniqKey="Roberts S" first="S. K." last="Roberts">S. K. Roberts</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Vic., Melbourne</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenberg, W M" sort="Rosenberg, W M" uniqKey="Rosenberg W" first="W. M." last="Rosenberg">W. M. Rosenberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medicine, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarmento Astro, R" sort="Sarmento Astro, R" uniqKey="Sarmento Astro R" first="R." last="Sarmento-Castro">R. Sarmento-Castro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarrazin, C" sort="Sarrazin, C" uniqKey="Sarrazin C" first="C." last="Sarrazin">C. Sarrazin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Semela, D" sort="Semela, D" uniqKey="Semela D" first="D." last="Semela">D. Semela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>St. Gallen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shiha, G E" sort="Shiha, G E" uniqKey="Shiha G" first="G. E." last="Shiha">G. E. Shiha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Egyptian Liver Research Institute And Hospital (ELRIAH), Dakahliah</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakahliah</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sievert, W" sort="Sievert, W" uniqKey="Sievert W" first="W." last="Sievert">W. Sievert</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Monash University and Monash Health, Vic., Melbourne</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Rkel, P" sort="St Rkel, P" uniqKey="St Rkel P" first="P." last="St Rkel">P. St Rkel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Brussel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stauber, R E" sort="Stauber, R E" uniqKey="Stauber R" first="R. E." last="Stauber">R. E. Stauber</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Graz</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, A J" sort="Thompson, A J" uniqKey="Thompson A" first="A. J." last="Thompson">A. J. Thompson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Vic., Melbourne</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urbanek, P" sort="Urbanek, P" uniqKey="Urbanek P" first="P." last="Urbanek">P. Urbanek</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Central Military Hospital, Prague</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Prague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Bohême centrale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Thiel, I" sort="Van Thiel, I" uniqKey="Van Thiel I" first="I." last="Van Thiel">I. Van Thiel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>European Liver Patients Association, Sint‐Truiden</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sint‐Truiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Deutsche Leberhilfe e.V., Cologne</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cologne</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Cologne</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Vlierberghe, H" sort="Van Vlierberghe, H" uniqKey="Van Vlierberghe H" first="H." last="Van Vlierberghe">H. Van Vlierberghe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Ghent University Hospital, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandijck, D" sort="Vandijck, D" uniqKey="Vandijck D" first="D." last="Vandijck">D. Vandijck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Ghent University Hospital, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Economics & Patient Safety, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Diepenbeek</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vogel, W" sort="Vogel, W" uniqKey="Vogel W" first="W." last="Vogel">W. Vogel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Innsbruck</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waked, I" sort="Waked, I" uniqKey="Waked I" first="I." last="Waked">I. Waked</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>National Liver Institute, Menoufiya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Menoufiya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wedemeyer, H" sort="Wedemeyer, H" uniqKey="Wedemeyer H" first="H." last="Wedemeyer">H. Wedemeyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>National Liver Institute, Menoufiya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Menoufiya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weis, N" sort="Weis, N" uniqKey="Weis N" first="N." last="Weis">N. Weis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Hvidovre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiegand, J" sort="Wiegand, J" uniqKey="Wiegand J" first="J." last="Wiegand">J. Wiegand</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Leipzig, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yosry, A" sort="Yosry, A" uniqKey="Yosry A" first="A." last="Yosry">A. Yosry</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Cairo University, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zekry, A" sort="Zekry, A" uniqKey="Zekry A" first="A." last="Zekry">A. Zekry</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>St George Hospital Clinical School of Medicine and School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Damme, P" sort="Van Damme, P" uniqKey="Van Damme P" first="P." last="Van Damme">P. Van Damme</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Anvers</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Anvers</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province d'Anvers</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aleman, S" sort="Aleman, S" uniqKey="Aleman S" first="S." last="Aleman">S. Aleman</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology/Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hindman, S J" sort="Hindman, S J" uniqKey="Hindman S" first="S. J." last="Hindman">S. J. Hindman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Disease Analysis (CDA), CO, Louisville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Viral Hepatitis</title><title level="j" type="sub">Hepatitis C Disease Burden & Strategies to Manage the Burden</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS</title><idno type="ISSN">1352-0504</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2893</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="5">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="33">33</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">29</biblScope><date type="published" when="2014-05">2014-05</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1352-0504</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1352-0504</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading indicator for liver disease. New treatment options are becoming available, and there is a need to characterize the epidemiology and disease burden of HCV. Data for prevalence, viremia, genotype, diagnosis and treatment were obtained through literature searches and expert consensus for 16 countries. For some countries, data from centralized registries were used to estimate diagnosis and treatment rates. Data for the number of liver transplants and the proportion attributable to HCV were obtained from centralized databases. Viremic prevalence estimates varied widely between countries, ranging from 0.3% in Austria, England and Germany to 8.5% in Egypt. The largest viremic populations were in Egypt, with 6 358 000 cases in 2008 and Brazil with 2 106 000 cases in 2007. The age distribution of cases differed between countries. In most countries, prevalence rates were higher among males, reflecting higher rates of injection drug use. Diagnosis, treatment and transplant levels also differed considerably between countries. Reliable estimates characterizing HCV‐infected populations are critical for addressing HCV‐related morbidity and mortality. There is a need to quantify the burden of chronic HCV infection at the national level.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Brésil</li><li>Canada</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>Turquie</li><li>Égypte</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Alberta</li><li>Angleterre</li><li>Basse-Saxe</li><li>Bohême centrale</li><li>Canton de Zurich</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>District de Darmstadt</li><li>District de Düsseldorf</li><li>District de Leipzig</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Hesse (Land)</li><li>Hovedstaden</li><li>Manitoba</li><li>Moravie</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Province d'Anvers</li><li>Province de Flandre-Orientale</li><li>Québec</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li><li>Rio Grande do Sul</li><li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li><li>Région flamande</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li><li>Svealand</li><li>Victoria (État)</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li><li>État de Rio de Janeiro</li><li>État de São Paulo</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Anvers</li><li>Barcelone</li><li>Brno</li><li>Bruxelles</li><li>Calgary</li><li>Campinas</li><li>Copenhague</li><li>Créteil</li><li>Düsseldorf</li><li>Francfort-sur-le-Main</li><li>Gand</li><li>Hanovre</li><li>Leipzig</li><li>Londres</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Melbourne</li><li>Montréal</li><li>Porto Alegre</li><li>Prague</li><li>Rio de Janeiro</li><li>Stockholm</li><li>Sydney</li><li>São Paulo</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li><li>Winnipeg</li><li>Zurich</li></settlement><orgName><li>University College de Londres</li><li>Université d'Anvers</li><li>Université d'État de Campinas</li><li>Université de Calgary</li><li>Université de Gand</li><li>Université de Melbourne</li><li>Université de São Paulo</li><li>Université du Manitoba</li><li>Université fédérale du Rio Grande do Sul</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bruggmann, P" sort="Bruggmann, P" uniqKey="Bruggmann P" first="P." last="Bruggmann">P. Bruggmann</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bihl, F" sort="Bihl, F" uniqKey="Bihl F" first="F." last="Bihl">F. Bihl</name><name sortKey="Bruggmann, P" sort="Bruggmann, P" uniqKey="Bruggmann P" first="P." last="Bruggmann">P. Bruggmann</name><name sortKey="Lavanchy, D" sort="Lavanchy, D" uniqKey="Lavanchy D" first="D." last="Lavanchy">D. Lavanchy</name><name sortKey="Mullhaupt, B" sort="Mullhaupt, B" uniqKey="Mullhaupt B" first="B." last="Müllhaupt">B. Müllhaupt</name><name sortKey="Negro, F" sort="Negro, F" uniqKey="Negro F" first="F." last="Negro">F. Negro</name><name sortKey="Semela, D" sort="Semela, D" uniqKey="Semela D" first="D." last="Semela">D. Semela</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Saxe (Land)"><name sortKey="Berg, T" sort="Berg, T" uniqKey="Berg T" first="T." last="Berg">T. Berg</name></region><name sortKey="Cornberg, M" sort="Cornberg, M" uniqKey="Cornberg M" first="M." last="Cornberg">M. Cornberg</name><name sortKey="Mauss, S" sort="Mauss, S" uniqKey="Mauss S" first="S." last="Mauss">S. Mauss</name><name sortKey="Sarrazin, C" sort="Sarrazin, C" uniqKey="Sarrazin C" first="C." last="Sarrazin">C. Sarrazin</name><name sortKey="Van Thiel, I" sort="Van Thiel, I" uniqKey="Van Thiel I" first="I." last="Van Thiel">I. Van Thiel</name><name sortKey="Wiegand, J" sort="Wiegand, J" uniqKey="Wiegand J" first="J." last="Wiegand">J. Wiegand</name></country><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey=" Vrehus, A L H" sort=" Vrehus, A L H" uniqKey=" Vrehus A" first="A. L. H." last=" Vrehus">A. L. H. Vrehus</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Christensen, P B" sort="Christensen, P B" uniqKey="Christensen P" first="P. B." last="Christensen">P. B. Christensen</name><name sortKey="Clausen, M" sort="Clausen, M" uniqKey="Clausen M" first="M." last="Clausen">M. Clausen</name><name sortKey="Gerstoft, J" sort="Gerstoft, J" uniqKey="Gerstoft J" first="J." last="Gerstoft">J. Gerstoft</name><name sortKey="Krarup, H" sort="Krarup, H" uniqKey="Krarup H" first="H." last="Krarup">H. Krarup</name><name sortKey="Weis, N" sort="Weis, N" uniqKey="Weis N" first="N." last="Weis">N. Weis</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale"><name sortKey="Moreno, C" sort="Moreno, C" uniqKey="Moreno C" first="C." last="Moreno">C. Moreno</name></region><name sortKey="Kautz, A" sort="Kautz, A" uniqKey="Kautz A" first="A." last="Kautz">A. Kautz</name><name sortKey="Laleman, W" sort="Laleman, W" uniqKey="Laleman W" first="W." last="Laleman">W. Laleman</name><name sortKey="St Rkel, P" sort="St Rkel, P" uniqKey="St Rkel P" first="P." last="St Rkel">P. St Rkel</name><name sortKey="Van Damme, P" sort="Van Damme, P" uniqKey="Van Damme P" first="P." last="Van Damme">P. Van Damme</name><name sortKey="Van Thiel, I" sort="Van Thiel, I" uniqKey="Van Thiel I" first="I." last="Van Thiel">I. Van Thiel</name><name sortKey="Van Vlierberghe, H" sort="Van Vlierberghe, H" uniqKey="Van Vlierberghe H" first="H." last="Van Vlierberghe">H. Van Vlierberghe</name><name sortKey="Vandijck, D" sort="Vandijck, D" uniqKey="Vandijck D" first="D." last="Vandijck">D. Vandijck</name><name sortKey="Vandijck, D" sort="Vandijck, D" uniqKey="Vandijck D" first="D." last="Vandijck">D. Vandijck</name><name sortKey="Vandijck, D" sort="Vandijck, D" uniqKey="Vandijck D" first="D." last="Vandijck">D. Vandijck</name></country><country name="Brésil"><region name="État de Rio de Janeiro"><name sortKey="Brandao Mello, C E" sort="Brandao Mello, C E" uniqKey="Brandao Mello C" first="C. E." last="Brandão Mello">C. E. Brandão Mello</name></region><name sortKey="Cheinquer, H" sort="Cheinquer, H" uniqKey="Cheinquer H" first="H." last="Cheinquer">H. Cheinquer</name><name sortKey="Coelho, H S M" sort="Coelho, H S M" uniqKey="Coelho H" first="H. S. M." last="Coelho">H. S. M. 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